Brownfield site - Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Found particularly in the inner city. , Dereliction - Abandoned buildings and wasteland , Economic opportunities - Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment , Greenfield site - A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area, that has not yet been subject to any building development. , Inequalities - Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people’s well-being and access to things like jobs, housing and education. , Integrated transport systems - When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and public transport more appealing. , Mega cities - An urban area with total population in excess of 10 million people. , Migration - When people move from one area to another. Rural to urban in LICs, Natural increase - The birth rate minus the death rate of a population , Pollution - The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment., Rural urban fringe - Zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land. A zone of mixed land uses, , Sanitation - Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste., Social deprivation - The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment., Social opportunities - Chances for people to improve their quality of life, for instance access to education and health care. , Squatter settlement - An area of poor quality housing, lacking in amenities; spontaneous and often illegal. , Sustainable urban living - A city in which there is minimal damage to the environment. Use of renewable resources, energy efficiency, use of public transport, accessible resources and services. , Traffic congestion - Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for the roads to cope with- traffic jams and slow traffic. , Urban Greening - The process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks and gardens in urban areas, , Urbanisation - Process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. , Urban regeneration - The revival of old parts of the built up area- install modern facilities in old buildings (renewal) or opting for redevelopment., Urban sprawl - The unplanned growth or urban areas into the surrounding countryside., Waste recycling - The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste. ,

AQA Urban issues and challenges

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