Gene - A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, Allele - An alternative version of a gene., Chromosome - A gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell; consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins., Homologous chromosome - The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell; are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother., Sister Chromatids - One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell. Prior to mitosis, they remain attached to each another at the centromere., Centromere - The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined (often appearing as a narrow “waist”) and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis., Centrosome - A structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division; has two centrioles., Kinetochore - protein formation that develop on each chromosome around the centromere, Spindle microtubule - a long hollow cylinder of globular protein that extend from the centrioles and it is important to chromosome separation, Telomere - The repetitive DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome; stable ends of chromosome, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating; is an organism’s genetic material., mRNA - The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences., Transcription - The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template., Translation - The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids., Central Dogma - the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein., Codon - A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code., Start codon - On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information., Stop codon - In mRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop., Genetic code - The set of rules that dictates the amino acid translations of each mRNA nucleotide triplet., Genome - The complete set of genetic material of an organism.,

Genetics Vocabulary

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