Hard engineering is used in high risk coastlines where soft engineering is not viable. , Hard engineering can lead to loss of habitat and biodiversity., Climate change means a shift away from defence to alleviation., Bioprotection is part of coastal policy because science shows working with nature succeeds, Beach recharge schemes use replenishment to keep beaches at a certain height., Bioprotective vegetation can stabilise sand dunes., Recreating salt marsh habitats is called managed realignment., Hard engineering can be designed to encourage habitat niches., Barnacles protect rock walls by reducing temperature extremes and salt accumulation., Shoreline management plans are designed for sediment cells., Good SMPs include change over time, all stakeholders and legal frameworks.,

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