Some criminologists argue that the ____ can ____ the level of ____ in two ways: • By influencing potential ____ (presenting them with opportunities to commit crime) • By affecting people's ability to ____ over their surroundings They argue that ____ such as architects, builders, town planners and local councils can '____' by ____ the ____ ____ of an area ____ spaces are where ____ is ____ likely to occur, in what he calls ____ areas of public space such as anonymous ____ and ____. ____ spaces are areas where there are clear ____ so it is ____ who has the right to be there.  The '____' kitemark ____ used by the ____ industry indicates that a new building meets crime ____ standards. Home ____ research found a 30% lower ____ rate in secure by design ____. Gated ____, also called gate ____, are an example of ____ tactic to 'design crime out' of an ____. Gated lanes are ____ gates installed to ____ ____ gaining access to alleyways, such as those at the rear of many older ____ houses. • CPTED focuses on ____ from ____ who come into the ____ to ____, but ____ commit crime too • CPTED cannot ____ offences that don't involve ____ intrusion into a neighbourhood such as cybercrime and ____ ____ argues that in modern ____ we are ____ controlled through ____. He illustrates this through a description of a ____ design known as the ____. In the ____, prisoners' cells are ____ to the guards from a central viewing ____ such as a watchtower. However, though the guards ____ see the prisoners, the prisoners ____ see the ____ and so they do not know whether or not they are being ____ at any given moment. Behavioural ____ are ways in which ____ can seek to ____ individual's ____ to make them ____ to ____ norms and ____.  ____ were civil orders, not ____ orders, and were used to ____ a person from committing actions that ____ the legal right of another person, for example an order to stop ____ noisily outside someone's house late at night. However, ____ the ____ of an ASBO was a criminal offence, punishable by up to five year in ____. ____ theories argue that labelling a person as a criminal or ____ can lead to a ____ prophecy in this situation, the individual ____ the label as part of their ____ and begins to live up to it, earning status and credibility from their peers. Labelling theorists suggest that ASBO's became a '____' for some young offender, ____ rather than reducing their offending behaviour and ____ to repeat offending. Criminal ____ Orders (CBO's) deal with ____ anti-social individuals who cause ____, alarm and distress to others. A CBO lasts at least ____ years for adults and one to two years for under-18's. ____ a CBO can mean up to ____ years in prison for adults or two years' ____ for under-18's. A ____ economy is a behaviour ____ programme used by some prisons, young offender institutions and ____ hospitals. It aims to ____ social control by ____ inmates' behaviour patterns so that they ____ to what the institution ____. When the prisoner ____ in the ____ way, they earn a ____. These can then be ____ for extra phone calls, sweets and having a TV in their cell. Through this elective ____, the behaviour that the institution desires becomes ____ likely. Token economy programmes make prisoners more ____ while in prison, but there is a ____ that their ____ is being ____ to suit the ____ rather than to meet the prisoners' ____ needs for when they are released. It may be that the programmes work simply because of the extra ____ prisoners receive as a result, or even just that the rules are being spelled out to them more ____ and not because of the ____. Funding of ____ social control ____ comes mainly from the ____ paid by the ____. There are ____ on how much ____ are willing to pay for these agencies and ____ face competing ____ for resources from other ____ such as the NHS, education, pensions, benefits and defence. The current Director of Public Prosecutions, Max Hill, has said that ____ checking mobile phones for ____ have led to ____ to ____ evidence and a fall in the number of rape and ____ offences charges. The ____ of using new ____ such as DNA profiling also poses a ____ on the police's ability to investigate offences Social control by ____ justice agencies can only be ____ so long there are ____ laws in place to begin with. Sometimes a new type of harm ____ but there is no existing ____ to forbid it and so state agencies are ____ to bring ____ to control the harmful ____.

AC3.2 Recap

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