1) Confidentiality is the ethical and legal principle of protecting participants’ information by ensuring that personal data and responses are accessible only to authorized individuals and are not disclosed without consent. a) TECHNICAL DEFINITION b) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 2) Implications are the logical consequences, effects, or significance of research findings, indicating how the results can influence theory, practice, policy, or future research. a) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION b) TECHNICAL DEFINITION 3) An abstract is a concise summary of a research study, including its objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions, usually written to provide readers a quick overview. a) TECHNICAL DEFINITION b) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 4) Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else’s words, ideas, or work as one’s own without proper acknowledgment or citation. a) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION b) TECHNICAL DEFINITION 5) A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables, formulated based on theory or prior evidence, which guides the research study. a) OPERATION DEFINITION b) TECHNICAL DEFINITION 6) Reliability is the consistency or stability of a research instrument or procedure over time; a reliable instrument produces similar results under consistent conditions. a) TECHNICAL DEFINITION b) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 7) Variables are characteristics or conditions that can change, vary, or be manipulated in a research study. They are classified as independent, dependent, or controlled. a) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION b) TECHNICAL DEFINITION 8) Instrumentation refers to the specific tools, devices, or methods (e.g., questionnaires, tests, surveys, observation guides) that a researcher uses to measure variables or collect data in a study. a) TECHNICAL DEFINTION b) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 9) Validity is the degree to which a research instrument or procedure accurately measures what it is intended to measure. For example, a math test has high validity if it truly assesses students’ math skills. a) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION b) TECHNICAL DEFINITION 10) Data collection is the systematic process of gathering, measuring, and recording information or evidence relevant to the research objectives using established methods or instruments. a) TECHNICAL DEFINITION b) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

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