Heart - A muscular pump with four chambers; the atria (top) receive blood, and the ventricles (bottom) pump it out., Arteries - Thick, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure., Veins - Thinner vessels that carry blood back to the heart; they have valves to keep blood flowing in one direction., Capillaries - Tiny, one-cell-thick vessels where nutrients and gases are exchanged with body cells., Red blood cells - Contain haemoglobin, a protein that binds to and carries oxygen., Plasma - The liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved nutrients, hormones, and waste., Systematic Circulation - The path blood takes from the heart to the rest of the body and back., Pulmonary Circulation - The short loop where blood travels between the heart and lungs., Trachea (Windpipe) - The tube that carries air from your throat into your lungs., Bronchi - The two main branches of the trachea that lead into each lung., Alveoli - Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs; oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves it., Diaphram - A large sheet of muscle that contracts to pull air into the lungs., Diffusion - The process where gases move from an area of high concentration to low concentration (e.g., oxygen moving from alveoli into the blood)., Cellular Respiration - The chemical reaction inside cells that uses oxygen and glucose to create energy (ATP), producing \(CO_{2}\) as waste.,

Biology- cardiovascular and respiratory system

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