1) Which of the following are the three main parts of a cell? (Select ALL that apply) a) Cilia b) Nucleus c) Peroxisome d) Cell membrane e) Cytoplasm 2) Which organelle joins amino acids together to form proteins? a) Mitochondria b) Lysosomes c) Ribosomes d) Smooth ER e) Golgi apparatus 3) Where is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) primarily produced in the cell? a) Nucleus b) Golgi apparatus c) Plasma membrane d) Mitochondria e) Ribosomes 4) What is the main role of ATP within the cell? a) Supplies energy b) Neutralizes radicals c) Stores genetic info d) None of the above e) Transports proteins 5) Which process describes a cell engulfing solid material from outside the cell? a) Pinocytosis b) Sodium-potassium pump c) Plasma proteins d) Phagocytosis e) Exocytosis 6) Where is genetic material (DNA) stored in a human cell? a) Nucleus b) Plasma membrane c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria e) Cytoplasm 7) Which statements about the sodium–potassium pump are correct? (Select ALL that apply) a) No energy required b) Moves 3 sodium out c) Moves 3 sodium in d) Moves 2 potassium in e) Maintains balance 8) A cell metabolizes glucose in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP. Which statements are true? (Select ALL that apply) a) More ATP with oxygen b) Called aerobic respiration c) Only 2 ATP produced d) ATP powers activities e) No oxygen needed 9) Which type of organism is prokaryotic and can be beneficial as part of normal flora? a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Prion e) Algae 10) Which pathogen must enter a host cell and use its machinery to reproduce? a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Prion e) Protozoa 11) Which pathogen reproduces by binary fission? a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Prion e) Algae 12) Which option lists mitosis stages in order? a) Prophase → Metaphase b) Metaphase → Prophase c) Telophase → Metaphase d) Prophase → Anaphase e) Anaphase → Telophase 13) What describes disease severity? a) Exocytosis b) Homeostasis c) Virulence d) None of the above e) Pathogenicity 14) Which organelle is abundant in muscle cells? a) Vesicles b) Lysosomes c) Mitochondria d) Golgi apparatus e) Ribosomes 15) Which structure is a phospholipid bilayer? a) Cell membrane b) Lysosome c) Nucleus d) Cilia e) Ribosome 16) The sodium–potassium pump moves: a) Sodium and potassium in b) Sodium and potassium out c) Sodium in, potassium out d) Sodium out, potassium in e) Both in and out 17) Which uses ATP to move substances? a) Primary active transport b) Facilitated diffusion c) Passive diffusion d) Osmosis e) Endocytosis 18) Functions of the plasma membrane? (Select ALL) a) Surrounds and protects b) Produces proteins c) Generates energy d) Regulates sodium/potassium e) Stores DNA 19) Which organelle detoxifies drugs? a) Melanocytes b) Mitochondria c) Nuclear membrane d) Smooth ER e) Rough ER 20) Which structure maintains cell shape? a) Lysosome b) Cilia c) Microtubule d) Melanin e) Ribosome 21) What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? a) Energy production b) Protein synthesis c) Regulates entry/exit d) DNA replication 22) Which transport mechanism requires energy? a) Osmosis b) Facilitated diffusion c) Active transport d) Simple diffusion 23) What does the sodium-potassium pump move into the cell? a) Sodium ions b) Potassium ions c) Chloride ions d) Calcium ions 24) What is produced during aerobic respiration? a) Lactic acid b) Oxygen c) Carbon dioxide d) Glucose 25) Which phase of mitosis involves chromosome alignment? a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase 26) What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? a) Stores DNA b) Transports amino acids c) Carries genetic code d) Forms ribosomes 27) Which fluid is found inside cells? a) Extracellular fluid b) Interstitial fluid c) Intracellular fluid d) Plasma 28) What is the main energy currency of the cell? a) Glucose b) ATP c) NADH d) FADH2 29) Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis? a) Mitochondria b) Ribosomes c) Lysosomes d) Golgi apparatus 30) What is the function of DNA? a) Energy storage b) Genetic information c) Protein synthesis d) Cell division 31) Which process generates the most ATP? a) Glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) Electron transport chain d) Fermentation 32) What is the role of tRNA in cells? a) Carries amino acids b) Stores energy c) Transports DNA d) Synthesizes lipids 33) Which structure is selectively permeable? a) Cell wall b) Plasma membrane c) Cytoplasm d) Nucleus 34) What is the primary role of mitochondria? a) Protein synthesis b) Energy production c) Lipid storage d) DNA replication 35) Which phase follows metaphase in mitosis? a) Prophase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Interphase 36) What is osmosis? a) Water movement b) Protein synthesis c) Energy production d) Cell division e) DNA replication 37) Which process involves solute movement from high to low concentration? a) Diffusion b) Osmosis c) Active transport d) Endocytosis e) Exocytosis 38) What is tonicity? a) Solution concentration b) Cell division c) Energy production d) Protein synthesis e) DNA replication 39) Which structure provides cell support? a) Cytoskeleton b) Nucleus c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria e) Golgi apparatus 40) What is the role of the smooth ER? a) Detoxification b) Protein synthesis c) Energy production d) DNA replication e) Cell division 41) Which cells lack a nucleus? a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic c) Animal d) Plant e) Fungal 42) Which cells have membrane-bound organelles? a) Eukaryotic b) Prokaryotic c) Bacterial d) Viral e) Fungal 43) What are microorganisms? a) Tiny organisms b) Large organisms c) Non-living entities d) Chemical compounds e) Energy sources 44) What are pathogens? a) Disease-causing agents b) Beneficial bacteria c) Non-living entities d) Chemical compounds e) Energy sources 45) What is normal flora? a) Beneficial microbes b) Harmful bacteria c) Non-living entities d) Chemical compounds e) Energy sources 46) Which structure helps maintain the cell’s shape and internal support? a) Lysosome b) Cilia c) Microtubule d) Melanin e) Ribosome 47) What may happen when a normal human cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? a) Loses water, shrinks b) No change c) Shrinks, then normal d) Swells and bursts e) Gains water, swells 48) Which organ contains large amounts of smooth ER to aid detoxification and nutrient processing? a) Liver b) Kidney c) Small intestine d) Pancreas e) Stomach 49) Which statements about bacteria are true? (Select ALL that apply) a) Survive outside host b) Part of normal flora c) Always harmful d) Cause COVID-19 e) Non-living 50) Athlete’s foot is caused by which type of pathogen? a) Fungus b) Virus c) Bacteria d) Parasite e) Prion 51) Which pathogen consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat? a) Prion b) Virus c) Bacterium d) Fungus e) Algae 52) What term describes the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration? a) Redistribution b) Osmosis c) Covalent movement d) Diffusion e) Active transport 53) A potato placed in pure water swells over time. This is an example of: a) Metabolism b) Osmosis c) Covalent movement d) Diffusion e) Active transport 54) During transcription: a) RNA from DNA b) Protein from DNA c) DNA from RNA d) Amino acids from DNA e) Protein from RNA 55) Another term for intracellular fluid is: a) Cytosol b) Interstitial fluid c) Intercellular matrix d) Cytoplasm e) Cisternae 56) What is diffusion? a) Water movement b) Solute movement c) Energy production d) Protein synthesis e) DNA replication 57) Which process requires no energy? a) Active transport b) Facilitated diffusion c) Endocytosis d) Exocytosis e) Osmosis 58) Which transport uses carrier proteins? a) Facilitated diffusion b) Osmosis c) Active transport d) Diffusion e) Endocytosis 59) What is the sodium-potassium pump? a) Active transport b) Passive transport c) Facilitated diffusion d) Osmosis e) Simple diffusion 60) Which solution causes cell shrinkage? a) Hypertonic b) Hypotonic c) Isotonic d) Neutral e) Balanced 61) What balances electrolytes? a) Cell membrane b) Nucleus c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria e) Golgi apparatus 62) Which process moves substances against gradient? a) Active transport b) Diffusion c) Osmosis d) Facilitated diffusion e) Endocytosis 63) What is facilitated diffusion? a) Carrier-mediated transport b) Energy-requiring process c) Water movement d) Protein synthesis e) DNA replication 64) Which transport requires ATP? a) Active transport b) Osmosis c) Facilitated diffusion d) Diffusion e) Endocytosis 65) What is primary active transport? a) Direct ATP use b) Indirect ATP use c) No energy needed d) Water movement e) Protein synthesis 66) What is the main function of the plasma membrane? a) Protein synthesis b) Energy production c) Selective permeability d) DNA replication e) Cell division 67) Which ions are primarily regulated by the plasma membrane? a) Calcium and chloride b) Sodium and potassium c) Magnesium and iron d) Hydrogen and oxygen e) Zinc and copper 68) What process involves a cell engulfing liquid? a) Phagocytosis b) Pinocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Osmosis e) Diffusion 69) Which process is the opposite of endocytosis? a) Phagocytosis b) Pinocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Osmosis e) Diffusion 70) What is the first stage of mitosis? a) Metaphase b) Anaphase c) Prophase d) Telophase e) Interphase 71) Where is DNA located in the cell? a) Cytoplasm b) Nucleus c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria e) Golgi apparatus 72) What is the role of ribosomes in cells? a) Energy production b) Protein synthesis c) DNA replication d) Lipid storage e) Cell division 73) What is the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein production? a) DNA makes RNA b) RNA makes DNA c) Proteins make RNA d) RNA makes proteins e) Proteins make DNA 74) What is the process of RNA synthesis from DNA called? a) Translation b) Transcription c) Replication d) Mutation e) Splicing 75) Which process involves the movement of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell? a) Osmosis b) Diffusion c) Sodium-potassium pump d) Facilitated diffusion e) Endocytosis 76) What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump? a) Energy production b) Maintains ion balance c) Protein synthesis d) DNA replication e) Cell division 77) Which cellular process involves the division of a cell into two identical daughter cells? a) Meiosis b) Mitosis c) Binary fission d) Cytokinesis e) Apoptosis 78) Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids? a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase e) Interphase 79) What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis? a) Carries amino acids b) Stores DNA c) Transports RNA d) Forms ribosomes e) Synthesizes lipids 80) Which process describes a cell engulfing solid material? a) Pinocytosis b) Phagocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Osmosis e) Diffusion 81) What is the primary function of DNA in cells? a) Energy storage b) Genetic information c) Protein synthesis d) Cell division e) Lipid storage 82) Which phase of mitosis involves the formation of two new nuclei? a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase e) Interphase 83) What is the role of the plasma membrane in cellular processes? a) Energy production b) Regulates entry/exit c) Protein synthesis d) DNA replication e) Cell division 84) Which process involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA? a) Transcription b) Translation c) Replication d) Mutation e) Splicing 85) What is the primary role of ribosomes in cells? a) Energy production b) Protein synthesis c) DNA replication d) Lipid storage e) Cell division

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