Believed Earth was the center of the universe: Ptolemy, German mathematician that confirmed the Sun was the center of the universe, and planet's orbits were elliptical: Johannes Kepler, Thought the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun, and Earth turned on its own axis: Nicolaus Copernicus, Italian mathematician discovered heavenly bodies are made of the same material as Earth; angered the Catholic Church: Galileo Galilei, French noble who wrote on government, specifically separation of powers and check & balances: baron de Montesquieu , Frenchman who wrote many books & essays on history, philosophy, etc.; known for targeting the Church and aristocracy : Voltaire, French philosopher who wrote the Encyclopedia, which helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment: Denis Diderot, English philosopher, believed people were born with tabula rasa; believed in natural rights of life, liberty & property: John Locke,

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