What type of reaction breaks polymers into monomers? - Hydrolysis., What molecule is required for hydrolysis reactions? - Water., Why is the reaction called 'hydrolysis'? - Because water is split to break the bond., What are pentoses and hexoses? - Monosaccharides with 5 and 6 carbons., In which form are monosaccharides usually drawn? - Ring structure., Why is glucose highly soluble? - It forms hydrogen bonds with water., Why is glucose easily transported? - It is small and soluble., What makes glucose chemically stable? - Its ring structure., Why is glucose a good energy source? - It yields high energy when oxidised., Why is starch compact? - Because of its coiled structure., Why is glycogen highly branched? - To allow rapid release of glucose., Why are starch and glycogen insoluble? - Large molecular size prevents dissolving., Why is insolubility important for storage? - Prevents osmotic effects., What reaction adds α-glucose monomers? - Condensation., What reaction removes α-glucose monomers? - Hydrolysis., Why can glucose be easily added/removed from glycogen? - Enzymes access branched structure., What glucose monomer forms cellulose? - β-glucose., How are β-glucose molecules arranged? - Alternating orientation., How are cellulose chains stabilised? - Hydrogen bonds., What are bundles of cellulose chains called? - Microfibrils., Why is cellulose strong? - Many hydrogen bonds give strength., Cellulose (plant cell wall), Glycogen (animal cell, glucose storage), Starch (plant cell, glucose storage), Amylopectin, Amylose,

Carbohydrates B1.1.3–B1.1.6 IB Biology

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