Layer 1 - Converts bits into electrical signal over copper cables, or pulses of light for fiber optic cables, or radiofrequency for wireless communications., Layer 2 - Provides communication within the same network via MAC addresses, Layer 3 - Provides communication between different networks via IP addresses, Layer 4 - Handles the End-to-End communication either via TCP for connection-oriented communication or UDP for connectionless communication, Layer 5 - Provides dialog control by allowing multiple persistent connections from different sources to be properly combined or synchronized., Layer 6 - Gets the data ready for the application layer by converting, translating, encoding, compressing, and encrypting data, Layer 7 - Generates data to be transmitted, processes data that is received,

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