electorate - All of the people eligible to vote in an election, 15th amendment - Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a person the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, grandfather clause - A law used in some Southern states that allowed people to vote only if their grandfathers had voted before the Civil War, effectively disenfranchising Black voters, literacy test - A test once used to suppress voting rights by requiring voters to prove they could read or write, often unfairly administered to African Americans, 19th amendment - Granted women the right to vote (ratified in 1920), party-line voting - When voters consistently choose candidates from the same political party across different elections., Poll tax - A fee required to vote, used historically to suppress poor and minority voters, Preclearance - A provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 requiring certain states with histories of discrimination to get federal approval before changing voting laws or practices, prospective voting model - Voting based on predictions of how a candidate will perform in the future, rationale-choice voting model - The idea that voters make decisions based on what is in their own best interest after evaluating candidates’ policies and positions, 17th amendment - Established the direct election of U.S. senators by voters rather than by state legislatures, suffrage - The legal right to vote, 24th amendment - Banned poll taxes in federal elections, 26th amendment - Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, 23rd amendment - Granted residents of Washington, D.C., the right to vote in presidential elections by giving them electoral votes., voting rights act of 1965 - Landmark legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices, such as literacy tests, and strengthened enforcement of voting rights, white primary - A practice in some Southern states that excluded African Americans from voting in primary elections, effectively denying them political influence, midterm election - Elections held halfway through a president’s four-year term, in which members of Congress and some state/local officials are chosen, political efficacy - The belief that one’s political participation and vote can make a difference., Precinct - The smallest unit of election administration; a local voting district, voter apathy - Lack of interest or concern among voters about politics or elections, leading to low participation., voting blocs - Groups of voters who tend to vote in a similar way based on shared interests or characteristics (e.g., age, race, religion)., voter turnout - The percentage of eligible voters who actually cast ballots in an election., motor-voter - Requires states to offer voter registration when individuals apply for or renew a driver’s license or public assistance, making registration easier., 14th amendment - amendment that contains the equal protection clause,

Chapter 15

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