Synonym - Words with similar meanings, though often differing slightly in use or formality. Example: big / large / huge., Antonym - Words with opposite meanings. Example: hot ↔ cold, honest ↔ dishonest., Superordinate - A broad category word that includes more specific items. Example: fruit is the superordinate of apple and banana., Hyponym - A word within a larger category (the opposite of a superordinate). Example: rose and tulip are hyponyms of flower., Homonym - A word that looks or sounds the same as another but has a different meaning. Example: bat (animal) / bat (used in cricket)., Homophone - Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. Example: two, to, too; flower / flour., Polysemy - A single word with several related meanings. Example: head (of a person, of a company, of a table)., Denotation - The literal, dictionary meaning of a word. Example: snake = a legless reptile., Connotation - The emotional or cultural associations of a word beyond its literal meaning. Example: snake can suggest a deceitful person., Collocation - Words that frequently occur together in natural English. Example: make a decision (not do a decision), heavy rain (not strong rain)., Lexical set - A group of words related by topic or function. Example: weather: sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy., Semantic field - A network of related meanings within a topic area. Example: education: teacher, classroom, homework, exam., Chunking - Learning or processing vocabulary in meaningful phrases rather than single words. Example: at the end of the day, a cup of tea., Multi-word unit - An expression remembered as one item. Example: by the way, take care, a piece of cake., Fixed expression / idiom - A phrase with a fixed or non-literal meaning. Example: over the moon = very happy; kick the bucket = die., Phrasal verb - A verb plus particle(s) forming a new meaning. Example: give up = quit, look after = take care of.,

Semantic Relationships

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