Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) - Europe broke into smaller kingdoms, and the Middle Ages began., Rise and Spread of Islam (7th century) - Islam spread quickly across Arabia, North Africa, and parts of Europe, leading to major achievements in science, medicine, and culture., The Crusades (1096–1291) - A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims., The Black Death (1347–1351) - A deadly plague that killed millions of people and changed how societies worked., Fall of Constantinople (1453) - The Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire.,

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