1) A young patient is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes, an autoimmune disease where the pancreas does not produce insulin. Without insulin, the patient's cells cannot take up glucose from the blood, leading to hyperglycemia and cellular starvation a) Direct conversion of light energy. b) The kinetic energy of blood flow. c) The heat released from muscle contraction. d) The exergonic reactions of cellular respiration. 2) Even though the patient's blood is rich in glucose, their cells cannot use it for energy. This is a failure of which step in metabolism? a) The process of enzyme inhibition. b) The exergonic breakdown of ATP. c) The endergonic synthesis of glycogen. d) The transport of fuel molecules into the cell for catabolism. 3) Glycolysis is the exergonic pathway that begins the breakdown of glucose. However, the subsequent storage of glucose as glycogen is an endergonic process. This requires: a) Energy coupling, where the synthesis of glycogen is powered by ATP hydrolysis b) A high concentration of oxygen to drive the reaction forward. c) A decrease in cellular entropy d) The presence of competitive inhibitors to regulate the pathway 4) A patient is diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disorder causing dangerously high LDL cholesterol. The standard treatment is a statin, a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor for HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis a) Activation energy b) Overall reaction rate c) Substrate concentration d) Free energy change (ΔG) 5) How does the competitive inhibition mechanism of a statin reduce cholesterol synthesis? a) It binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site. b) It denatures the enzyme by altering the surrounding pH. c) It acts as a cofactor, causing the reaction to run in reverse. d) It binds directly to the enzyme's active site, preventing the substrate (HMG-CoA) from binding. 6) Which among the following is NOT a part of Adenosine Triphosphate? a) Ribose b) Guanosine c) Phosphate group d) Adenosine 7) A mutation impairs phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity in glycolysis. What is the most likely consequence? a) Buildup of glucose 6-phosphate, shunting metabolites to glycogen synthesis. b) Increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, enhancing ribose 5-phosphate production. c) Compensatory activation of aldolase to maintain glycolytic intermediates. d) Blockage of glycolysis at the fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate step, reducing pyruvate formation. 8) When ATP is converted into ADP, which phosphate group is cleaved? a) Alpha b) Beta c) Gamma d) Sigma 9) In the electron transport chain, Complex II receives which electron donor? a) NADH b) FADH2 c) Oxygen d) Ubiquinone 10) Which of the following is not true about enzymes: a) They increase ΔG of reactions. b) They are usually made of amino acids. c) They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. d) Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds. 11) The bonds that link the phosphate bonds in ATP are ___________ a) Hydrogen Bond b) Phosphoketone Bond c) Glycosidic Bond d) Phosphoanhydride Bond 12) This acts as the electron carriers for ETC. a) NADH b) Ubiquinone c) Oxygen d) Water 13) A viral infection inhibits aldolase in glycolysis. What is the effect on the pathway? a) Accumulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, halting production of triose phosphates. b) Diversion of fructose 6-phosphate to the hexosamine pathway. c) Compensatory upregulation of phosphofructokinase-1 to maintain flux. d) Increased production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, enhancing glycerol synthesis. 14) Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muslces? a) lactic acid fermentation b) alcohol fermentation c) mixed acid fermentation d) propionic fermentation 15) Which among the following structures does NOT require kinases as a precursor? a) b) c) d) None of the above 16) A virus affects the enzyme, triose phosphate isomerase. Which among the following is the effect in the glycolytic pathway? a) Accumulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate due to feedback inhibition of aldolase. b) Blockage of glycolysis at the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, reducing ATP yield. c) Diversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, enhancing mitochondrial ATP production. d) Compensatory upregulation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, maintaining glycolytic flux. 17) Which is NOT a rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis? a) hexokinase b) phosphoglycerate kinase c) phosphofructokinase d) pyruvate kinase 18) An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? a) Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding. b) Binds to the active site and blocks it from binding substrate c) Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate d) Binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate. 19) Complex III of the ETC contains which enzyme? a) cytochrome oxidoreductase b) NADH dehydrogenase c) riboflavin d) ubiquinone 20) The formula below is: a) Cellular Respiration b) Photosynthesis c) Lactic Acid Fermentation d) Alcohol Fermentation 21) What are the net products produced when breaking down 3 moles of glucose molecules in glycolysis? a) 2 ATPs, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate b) 3 ATPs, 3 NADH, 3 pyruvate c) 5 ATPs, 5 NADH, 5 pyruvate d) 6 ATPs, 6 NADH, 6 pyruvate 22) The energy currency used by the cells? a) ATP b) ADP c) NADH d) FADH2 23) The effect of high levels of ADP is to ________ in cellular respiration. a) increase the activity of specific enzymes b) decrease the activity of specific enzymes c) have no effect on the activity of specific enzymes d) slow down the pathway 24) Identify the structure a) Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate b) Fructose 6 phosphate c) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate d) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate 25) DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process? a) This is an anabolic process. b) This is a catabolic process. c) This is both anabolic and catabolic. d) This is a metabolic process but is neither anabolic nor catabolic 26) What site does Kreb Cycle occur? a) A b) B c) C d) D 27) What site does Glycolysis occur? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of the above 28) Which among the structures below produced FADH2 as a byproduct upon creation? a) Option 1 b) Option 2 c) Option 3  d) Option 4 29) Refer to the image: Fluoroacetate, a potent rat poison exhibits it's effect on which enzyme? a) Enzyme 1 b) Enzyme 2 c) Enzyme 5 d) Enzyme 6 30) What is the compound name of [Redacted] #2? a) Pyruvate b) a-ketoglutarate c) malate d) fumarate 31) Which compound can be used in the biosynthesis of porphyrin? a) Succinyl CoA b) Malate c) a-Ketoglutarate d) Fumarate 32) What enzyme is number 5? a) Aconitase b) Succinyl CoA synthetase c) Succinyl CoA synthase d) Succinate dehydrogenase 33) The attached image is _________ a) malate b) oxaloacetate c) a-ketoglutarate d) succinate 34) Which metabolic pathway or process is common to both aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of sugar? a) Kreb's cycle b) oxidation of pyruvic acid to CO2 c) Chemiosmosis in mitochondrion d) glycolysis 35) What is the fate of fructose in carbohydrate metabolism? a) It forms glycogen only. b) It inhibits protein breakdown. c) It bypasses glycolysis entirely. d) It is catabolized to produce the same ATP as glucose. 36) In lipid metabolism, what process converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA? a) Beta oxidation b) Glycolysis c) Deamination d) Fermentation 37) The effect of high levels of ADP is to _______ in cellular respiration. a) Increase the activity of specific enzymes b) Decrease the activity of specific enzymes c) Have no effect on the activity of specific enzymes d) Slow down the pathway 38) In citric acid cycle, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released per acetyl CoA molecule? a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 39) GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of a) isocitrate into a-ketoglutarate b) succinyl CoA into succinate c) fumarate into malate d) malate into oxaloacetate 40) What is the primary role of coenzyme A (COA) in the preparation of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle? a) It oxidizes NAD+ to NADH. b) It regenerates oxaloacetate. c) It removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate. d) It activates and picks up the O acetyl group derived from pyruvate 41) What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group? a) Oxygen b) ATP c) B vitamin d) CO2 42) Aerobic exercise routines upregulate glucose transporters; evaluate in detail their role in sustaining cellular respiration during prolonged sessions. a) There is no direct connection to respiratory regulation. b) They direct glucose straight to lipid storage pathways. c) Transporters decrease to spare glycogen reserves for bursts. d) Increased glucose uptake fuels glycolysis, providing pyruvate for the citric acid cycle and maintaining NADH supply. 43) How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle? (excluding oxidation of pyruvate) a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 44) Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to ATP bonds can be detected as: a) H2O b) ADP c) heat d) NADH 45) Which of the following enzyme catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation? a) Fumarase b) Malate dehydrogenase c) Isocitrate dehydrogenase d) succinyl CoA synthetase 46) Cellular respiration provides the body with much needed ATP for body functions. Assuming one mole of glucose utilized the Malate Aspartate shuttle in transporting NADH, how much ATP is produced in this scenario?  a) 32 b) 34 c) 36 d) 38 47) In nervous tissue, alpha- ketoglutarate transforms into the neurotransmitters glutamate, which excites neurons, and GABA, which inhibits them, maintaining signal balance. What adaptation might neurons use if alpha-ketoglutarate is scarce? a) Import succinyl CoA from fatty acid breakdown. b) Boost transamination from other intermediates. c) Rely on Ca2+ to activate unrelated pathways. d) Shift to ketone bodies for energy signaling. 48) During intense neural activity, what could happen if this conversion slows? a) Urea cycle overload from unused fumarate b) Heme synthesis diverts to blood vessels. c) Overexcitation from excess glutamate buildup d) Inhibitory signals weaken, risking seizures 49) Transamination reactions convert alpha-ketoglutarate into glutamate, which can then exit the mitochondria and serve as a building block for other amino acids such as glutamine, proline, and arginine in various tissues. If transamination is blocked in liver cells, what shift might the cell make? a) Increase fumarate for urea cycle support b) Rely on succinyl CoA for alternative nitrogen handling c) Enhance Ca2+ signaling to boost dehydrogenases. d) Divert alpha-ketoglutarate to X GABA synthesis. 50) In a cell with high protein synthesis demands, what outcome would follow from this process? a) Reduced nitrogen waste via urea cycle diversion b) Glutamate buildup limits cycle intermediates c) Flexible amino acid pools support growth d) Heme production increases in mitochondria. 51) Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snakeroot plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, tremetol is concentrated in the milk they produce. Humans who consume the milk can become seriously ill. Symptoms of this disease, which include vomiting, abdominal pain, and tremors, become worse after exercise. What is the primary biochemical effect of tremetol on cellular metabolism? a) It blocks the electron transport chain, preventing NADH oxidation. b) It inhibits the conversion of lactate back to pyruvate c) It enhances the rate of glycolysis, leading to excessive glucose breakdown. d) It stimulates lactate production directly in the liver, independent of muscle activity. 52) Why do the symptoms of tremetol poisoning, such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and tremors, become worse after exercise? a) Exercise increases oxygen availability, accelerating tremetol's uptake into the bloodtream b) Symptoms worsen due to dehydration alone, unrelated to metabolic changes. c) Exercise depletes milk consumption, reducing tremetol exposure over time. d) Physical activity boosts anaerobic metabolism 53) Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. Which among the complexes is targeted by cyanide poisoning? a) Complex I b) Complex II c) Complex III d) Complex IV 54) Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation? a) the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound b) the use of RuBisCO to form 3-PGA c) the formation of RuBP from 63P molecules d) the production of carbohydrate molecules from G3P 55) Why does it take three turns of the Calvin cycle to produce G3P, the initial product of photosynthesis? a) Each turn fixes one CO2 b) Each turn incorporates two CO2 molecules, but G3P requires only three carbons total. c) G3P is unstable and must be cycled three times to stabilize its phosphate groups. d) Three turns are needed to balance ATP and NADPH inputs from the light reactions 56) Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? a) Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. b) The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. c) Thylakoids contain chlorophyll. d) Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes. 57) Which part of the light-independent reactions would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBisCO? a) The reduction phase, where NADPH reduces PGA to G3P. b) The regeneration phase, where RuBP is reformed from G3P c) The export phase, where G3P is converted to starch in the chloroplast d) The fixation phase, where CO2 is incorporated into RuBP to form 3-PGA. 58) What is the initial source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain? a) NADPH b) CO2 c) Oxygen d) H2O 59) What two main products result from photosynthesis? a) oxygen and carbon dioxide b) chlorophyll and oxygen c) sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen d) sugars/carbohydrates and carbon dioxide 60) Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive? a) Lions directly absorb light energy through their fur to generate ATP during hunts. b) Photosynthesis produces oxygen that lions use for aerobic respiration in their muscles. c) The food chain relies on plants converting solar energy into organic compounds d) Photosynthesis detoxifies soil nutrients that accumulate in the prey of carnivores. 61) Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place? a) RuBisCO b) RuBP c) 3-PGA d) CO2 62) Why is the third stage of the Calvin cycle called the regeneration stage? a) It regenerates ATP and NADPH from the light reactions for reuse. b) It regenerates the thylakoid membrane after carbon fixation. c) It regenerates glucose from broken-down G3P to export sugars. d) It regenerates the CO2 acceptor molecule RuBP using some G3P molecules 63) On a hot, dry day, the guard cells of plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis? a) Photosynthesis will increase because less water is lost, allowing more energy for carbon fixation. b) Photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced CO2 availability c) Photosynthesis will remain unchanged, as roots compensate by absorbing more CO2 from soil. d) Photosynthesis will shift to CAM pathway, enhancing effiency in arid conditions 64) A volcanic eruption spews a dense ash cloud that blocks sunlight in a section of Yellowstone National Park, disrupting the local ecosystem. How would primary producers (plants) in the affected area be immediately impacted by the ash cloud? a) Plant growth would accelerate due to nutrient-rich ash deposition. b) Plants would switch to chemosynthesis using volcanic minerals for energy. c) Herbivore populations would increase, providing more CO2 for plant respiration. d) Photosynthesis would decline because reduced sunlight limits light-dependent reactions. 65) What long term effect would the ash cloud have on the grey wolf population through trophic levels? a) Wolf numbers would decrease due to reduced plant productivity leading to fewer herbivores as prey. b) Wolves would migrate to unaffected areas, stabilizing their population elsewhere. c) The ash would directly poison wolves, causing immediate population decline unrelated to food. d) Wolves would thrive by adapting to hunt in low-light conditions without ecosystem changes. 66) Chemiosmosis refers to which process in cellular respiration? a) The diffusion of electrons through the mitochondrial membrane b) The pumping of hydrogen ions to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane c) The transport of oxygen into the mitochondria d) The breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate 67) Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule a) ATP : glucose b) an anabolic molecule : catabolic molecule c) glucose : ATP d) a catabolic molecule : anabolic molecule 68) What will happen to the energy released by ATP? a) ATP will be used by endergonic reactions like cellular respiration and catabolism b) ATP will be used by exergonic reactions like cellular respiration and catabolism. c) ATP will be used by endergonic reactions like active transport and anabolism. d) ATP will be used by exergonic reactions like active transport and anabolism. 69) When light is absorbed by pigments in photosystem II (PSII), energy is passed inward from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center. Electrons are then boosted to a high energy level and captured by the primary electron acceptor. Which of the following occurs immediately after the electrons from PSII are captured by the primary electron acceptor? a) NADP+ accepts the electrons. b) Water is broken down. c) ADP is converted to ATP. d) The electrons return to PSII. 70) The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis? a) hexokinase b) phosphofructokinase c) glucose-6-phosphatase d) aldolase 71) Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? a) mitochondrial outer membrane b) mitochondrial inner membrane c) mitochondrial intermembrane space d) mitochondrial matrix 72) Cyanide poisoning is a type of poisoning caused by exposure to certain cyanide-containing compounds, such as hydrogen cyanide or cyanide salts. Inhalation or consumption of these compounds can cause histotoxic hypoxia, a condition in which cells are no longer able to take up or utilize oxygen during cellular respiration. As a result, ATP production during respiration is significantly reduced. Based on the information above, which of the following is the most likely explanation for how cyanide causes histotoxic hypoxia? a) Cyanide inhibits the transport of pyruvate across the mitochondrial membrane. b) Cyanide inhibits the transfer of electrons to the final acceptor in the electron transport chain. c) Cyanide inhibits the enzymatic breakdown of glucose during glycolysis. d) Cyanide inhibits the reduction of NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle.

Q2 | General Biology

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